My top 4 in order:
1. Red oak – fantastic fall color and very fast growing in my opinion and I have seen that in my yard over the last 20 years.
2. Pine Oaks – same as above but a smaller leaf than red’s. I like that they keep some (not all) of their leaves through the winter.
3. White pine – very fast growing, soft needles, can plant several together and let the orange needles cover the ground so less to mow. Deer love to sit under them too.
4. Fall Fiesta Sugar Maple – if you can find them you can’t ask for a better color. Not fast growing but not slow either. I have a few that are about 16 years old and they are around 30′ tall. Trunk in maybe 10 inch diameter.
My opinion on others.
Locust – I have a Skyline Locust and it has been my fastest growing tree….which I like. BUT, keep it away from your deck, drive and roof. That thing drops 6 – 12″ sticks all year long. Any slight wind and it is dropping leaves and more sticks on my deck. And it is planted 30 feet away! Also, some of the best hardwood you can find. Dense/hard as heck and a nice color if you are into woodworking.
Elm – also a fast grower and looks nice when mature. I have one that is maybe 35-40 foot tall that I planted. Would I plant one again today? NO, due to the Asian Beetle that shows up in mid-summer and starts on the leaves. Then the leaves are constantly falling. What leaves remain have a nice yellow fall color.
Autumn Blaze Maple and Silver Maple – not a fan of the color or all of the seeds/helicopters they drop.
Birch – no thanks, except when you cut them down and let the wood spalt for a couple years. Makes some real nice turnings.
One final thought for the original poster. Do you have any maple trees on the property now and would you want to tap them for syrup some day? A couple years ago I started tapping a very large sugar maple at my parent’s house. The tree is 3′ foot across. It gives me at least a gallon of finished syrup each year….and it is the only tree I tap most years. Just something to consider….ya got to plan ahead. I wish I had but who knew these thing 20 years ago….not me.
And one final, final comment. DO NOT plant the new trees too deep. Error on the shallow side and be sure to loosen the root ball and remove any circling roots. Again, sure wish I had known this years ago but now I can see the errors I made years ago. Youtube has shown me how to do it right! Good luck.