So please explain how does current flow more “efficiently” at higher voltage?
You talked about voltage ratings. Yes you are correct in there is no difference in performance of the unit as long as you operate within the acceptable voltage limits of the unit. You stated that:” Most units have an operating range of something in the range of 10.5v-17v”. Knowing that the voltage drops as the battery drains, possibly an estimated 1.5V to 2V voltage drop, wouldn’t you be better off starting with a battery of higher voltage that was within the normal operating parameters? Estimated lower voltage of a 14.4V battery would be 12.4V to 12.9V, where the estimated voltage of a 12V battery would be around 10V to 10.5V. Isn’t it hard on electronics running near or below the normal rated voltage which you stated was around 10.5V?
I honestly would rather not get into explaining the physics of electricity. I’m sure you can easily google increase voltage drops current.
A good fully charged 12v battery should have a voltage of ~12.7v. If your battery is showing 10.5v(do not believe what the voltage shows on the depth finder, use a volt meter) at any time, then you have a bad battery, unless it’s immediately after a burst of power consumption, IE starting the big motor. But, then it should equalize and bounce back to an acceptable state, greater than 12v.
It will not harm the device if you are running it at the lower end of the recommended voltage range. That’s the whole reason for a voltage range. Even running slightly below the voltage range will likely not cause any ill effect, do not hold me to that. Although, you will likely get an alarm on the device for low voltage.
I would also recommend not discharging a battery 1.5-2V below it’s fully charged voltage. If your 12v battery is showing 11.2, (12.7v – 1.5v), then you are well below 25% charge left in the battery, and that will cause harm to the battery over time. And will affect how long that battery last. It is recommend to not discharge a normal flooded lead acid battery below 50%, 12.1v. If you are, then I would recommend a larger battery to provide your daily fishing needs.