Good questions.
Have been unable to find the research In-Fish reported on in order to get more details. Maybe some one else would have better luck with their internet search skills? Would be interesting to read the research itself and not just the short magazine summary.
When I saw this late spawn happening in N. Minnesota, the water temps were probably around 70, which is typical for that body of water around that time frame. Can’t recall precisely the water temp – didn’t make note of it – but can recall the date.
Also, it seems that there is only a small subset of fish that do this each year, not a huge push like you see in the spring.
Whether this is a 2nd spawn for the fish doing it, or just a delayed first spawn wasn’t noted in the article. Unless transmitter implanted, how would the researchers have known?
In any case, its fascinating behavior, especially when the conventional wisdom passed along forever is that bass only spawn in the springtime.